Unit 2: Chapters 3
and 6
Chapter
3: Observing the Brain
1. What is the cerebral cortex and what
does it do?
2. What are the four main lobes of the
cerebral cortex and what are their functions?
3. What are the functions of the sensory
and motor strips? In which lobe is each located?
4. What is the function of the prefrontal
area of the frontal lobe? What is the role of the frontal association area?
5. Which hemisphere controls movement on
the right side of the body? The left side? What connects the two hemispheres?
What is the depression between the hemispheres called?
6. In what tasks do the left and right
hemispheres specialize for most people?
7. What is the function of the corpus
callosum? If the corpus callosum is cut, what problems might a patient have?
8. What is the main difference between
the cerebral cortex and the lower brain?
9. What are the main parts of the lower
brain and what are the functions of each part?
10. What
is a neuron? What are the functions of axons and dendrites?
11. What
is the relationship between a synapse and a neurotransmitter?
12. What
is the function of vesicles and where are they located?
13. What
effect do acetylcholine, dopamine, and endorphins have on the body?
14. What
makes up the central nervous system?
15. How
does the spinal cord serve as a relay station? What is the role of the spinal
cord during reflexes?
Nervous
Systems, Hormones, and Glands
1. What is the peripheral nervous system?
2. What is the difference between the
somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
3. What is the difference between the
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
4. What are hormones? Where are hormones
held before being released?
5. What are the functions of the
pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands?
6. What are gonads? What is the
difference between androgen and estrogen?
7. What is phrenology?
8. What kind of information is revealed
through the following techniques: EEGs, PET scans, and MRIs?
END OF ASSIGNMENT
Name: Date:
The Brain, Body, and
Behavior Notebook Check
Using the vocab terms listed below, correctly complete each
sentence.
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dendrite hypothalamus adrenal glands spinal column corpus callosum glands
frontal
lobe thalamus lower brain neurotransmitters cerebellum gonads
synapse occipital lobe left hemisphere right hemisphere dopamine
pituitary
cerebral
cortex
peripheral nervous system somatic
nervous system
reticular
activating system (RAS) autonomic
nervous system neurons
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1. The
section of the brain which strongly influences our personality is called the .
2. The
unit of the brain which controls high level mental processes, such as thinking,
sensory input/output, and voluntary movements is called the .
3. The
,
in the lower brain, functions as the relay station for messages to and from
various parts of the brain.
4. The
regulates are feelings of alertness or
sleepiness.
5. Nerve
cells which transmit messages throughout our bodies are called .
6. The
space between two neurons through which messages must pass through is called
the .
7. are chemicals in the endings of nerve cells
which help send messages across synapses.
8. Nerves
that are not part of the brain or in the spinal cord are in the .
9. The
controls our balance and coordination. Alcohol
suppresses this part of the brain.
10. The
lower parts of the brain that regulate rage, pleasure, hunger, thirst, and
sexual desire is the .
11. Unconscious
actions such as the beating of our hearts are controlled by the (not brain stem).
12. The
part of the nerve cell that receives information from other nerve cells is
called a .
13. 1/2
of the two halves in the brain which controls speech is the
14. 1/2
of the two halves in the brain which controls facial recognition is the
15. The
are glands that make sperm or eggs for reproduction.
16. Units
of the body that contain chemical regulators called hormones are called .
17. The
is the master gland of the body and activates
other glands.
18. All
nerve impulses which direct the muscles in our body mist go through the to get to the brain.
19. The
large bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called
the .
20. The
area of the brain which interprets visual information is called the
21. The
directs basic functions, such as breathing.
22. The
help prepare our body for an emergency.
23. is the neurotransmitter which helps control
bodily movement.
24. The
sends sensory information from the parts of
our body outside the central nervous system to the spinal cord.
END OF ASSIGNMENT
Unit
2, Ch 6 Cloze Notes
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State
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Consciousness
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Subconscious
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Unconscious
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Definition
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Example
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Unseen Forces
* No, not ghosts. Sorry guys.
* Bodily rhythms and cycles that control changes,
feelings, and responses of the body. Let’s check it out!
* Think of some of the cycles or rhythm that occur
every day. (you do not need to stick with bodily for this round)
* For this unit, you must understand construct:
* Believing in something that cannot be seen or
touched, but does in fact exist
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State
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Biological Clocks
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Free-running cycle
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Entrainment
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Circadian Rhythms
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Definition
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Example
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Somebody’s got a case of
the Mondays…
* There are 24 hours in a day
* Your body runs on 25 hours.
* Your body can adjust to the 24 hour light/dark
period; however, when you sleep in on Saturday and Sunday, you completely throw
off the rhythm your body has created.
* Please open your textbooks to page 164. We will
read the selection “Fighting the Clock”
* When you are awake, your brain emits strong and
active “beta waves”.
* We all love sleep, but what happens when we are
actually asleep?
* We will read the article “Sleep Cycles” to find
out!
Describe three
hypotheses about why we dream. (page 168) and choose the hypothesis YOU believe
the strongest
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1
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2
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3
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Nightmares
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Night Terrors
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* Occurs during the REM cycle
* A nightmare is a dream that can cause
a strong emotional response from the mind, typically fear but
also despair or anxiety
* The dream may contain situations of danger, discomfort,
psychological or physical terror. Sufferers usually awaken in a state of
distress and may be unable to return to sleep for a prolonged
period of time.
* Often, nightmares are the result of underlying emotions or
fears.
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* Occurs between Stages 3 and 4
* Inconsolability, “bolting upright” , screaming, crying,
sweating, heavy breathing, rapid heart rate, trashing limbs, sleep
walking, or the inability to wake up, even though it appears the person is
awake (especially children)
* Delta waves are very high, which is why is it so difficult
to wake a person up
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Analyzing Dreams Using
Theories
* You have a dream that all of your teeth fall
out. Ah! Analyze it using the theories:
* Process information theory:
* You may have a loose tooth or an upcoming
dentist visit.
* Solve Problem Theory:
* Maybe a person worried about their appearance
all day or is afraid to go to the dentist. All of their teeth fell
out-technically, the problem is solved.
* Make sense of random stimulation:
* The cerebral cortex tried to make sense of those
random firings. This is a random story. Tomorrow, you’ll have a difference
dream.
Thinking of a dream YOU
recently had. Analyze it using the theories we discussed. School appropriate
please-nothing violent involving a machete.
Notebook Check
1. Explain the meanings of conscious, subconscious,
and unconscious.
2. Name three differences between REM and NREM.
3. True or false: How much sleep you get is
not always as important as when you get sleep.
4. Explain the difference between night terrors and
nightmares and during what stage of sleep each occur.
5. During what stage of sleep can people sleepwalk,
sleep talk, or wet the bed?
Sleep Disorders
* Insomnia: the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
* Though sleeping pills will help people fall
asleep, they suppress the REM cycle, causing sleeping problems to worsen
* Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a very rare disease of
the brain. It is caused by a gene mutation. FFI has no known cure and involves
progressively worsening insomnia, which leads to hallucinations, delirium,
and confusional states like that of dementia. The average survival span
for patients diagnosed with FFI after the onset of symptoms is 18 months. The
mutated gene has been found in just 40 families worldwide.
* Narcolepsy: disorder that causes people to go into REM sleep instantly,
regardless of activity.
Sleep apnea: someone with this disorder stops breathing in
their sleep, between dozens to hundreds of times during the night.
Hypnosis
* A state of relaxation in which attention is
focused on certain objects, acts, or feelings.
* Use your book, pages 177 and 180 to answer the
following questions in complete sentences.
* 1. How does hypnosis one’s attention?
* 2. What is a trance?
* 3. What are several uses of hypnosis? What are
some myths about hypnosis?
Meditation
* A form of self-control in which the outside
world is cut off from consciousness.
END OF ASSIGNMENT
Open Note Check:
states of consciousness
Name date
Place the letter AND the
term by the matching definition
1. 
Involved altering
the free-running cycle to fit a different rhythm
Involved altering
the free-running cycle to fit a different rhythm
2. 
Sleep state
involving body paralysis and eye movement
Sleep state
involving body paralysis and eye movement
3. 
The awareness of
what is happening inside and outside ourselves
The awareness of
what is happening inside and outside ourselves
4. 
Internal chemical
units that control regular cycles in parts of the body
Internal chemical
units that control regular cycles in parts of the body
5. The inability to
get enough sleep (falling asleep or staying asleep)
The inability to
get enough sleep (falling asleep or staying asleep)
6. 
A state of
relaxation in which attention is focused on certain objects, acts, or feelings.
A state of
relaxation in which attention is focused on certain objects, acts, or feelings.
7. Frightening dream
during REM
Frightening dream
during REM
8. Fairly relaxed
brain waves just before falling asleep
Fairly relaxed
brain waves just before falling asleep
9. 
A horrible dream
during NREM sleep, causing violent reactions
A horrible dream
during NREM sleep, causing violent reactions
10. Rapid brain waves
that take place when a person is awake
Rapid brain waves
that take place when a person is awake
11. 
Thoughts and
desires just below the conscious
Thoughts and
desires just below the conscious
12. Sequence of
behavior changes that occur every 24 hours
Sequence of
behavior changes that occur every 24 hours
13. Another word for
state of being during hypnosis
Another word for
state of being during hypnosis
14. Causes a person
to fall asleep instantly
Causes a person
to fall asleep instantly
15. Slow, lazy, deep
sleep brain waves
Slow, lazy, deep
sleep brain waves
16. 
A form of
self-control that cuts off outside world from consciousness
A form of
self-control that cuts off outside world from consciousness
17. 
Breathing stops
while asleep, waking the person
Breathing stops
while asleep, waking the person
18. Sleep that
involves movements, sleep walking, partial images
Sleep that
involves movements, sleep walking, partial images
19. Thoughts or desires
about which we have no direct knowledge
Thoughts or desires
about which we have no direct knowledge 
Cycles set up by
biological clocks that are under their own control, ignoring the environment
End of assignment
